Pengaruh Academic Grit dan Environmental Stressor terhadap Cognitive Functioning pada Pelajar Pengkaji Kitab Al-Jurumiyah di Indonesia
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
Purpose – This study aims to examine the effect of academic grit (AG) and environmental stressors (ES) on cognitive functioning (CF) in Indonesian students studying the Al-Jurumiyah book. This study is important because studying a classic book like Al-Jurumiyah requires high cognitive abilities, but there has been no study that analyzes the predictor factors that influence it simultaneously.
Method – This research employs a quantitative approach with regression design using a sample of 17 students in Bandung Regency (accidental sampling). Data was collected through adapted questionnaires: Academic Grit Scale (9 items, ?=0.70), Perceived Stress Scale (25 items, ?=0.87), and Cognitive Functioning Self-Assessment Scale (18 items, ?=0.84. The analysis included classical assumption tests and multiple regression with JASP 0.18.
Findings – Multiple regression analysis showed that academic grit (AG) and environmental stressors (ES) explained 48.6% of the variance in cognitive functioning (CF) (adjusted R² = 0.486). The model was significant (F = 0.004) simultaneously. Partially, only AG had a significant positive effect on CF (? = 1.649; p = 0.009), while ES had a negative but insignificant effect (? = -0.050; p = 0.789).
Research Implications – Practical implications of this study suggest the importance of strengthening non-cognitive aspects such as grit and motivation, especially in memorization-based and syntactic analysis-based curricula. Interventions such as self-regulation training and effective learning strategies may enhance cognitive functioning. Although the effects of environmental stressors (ES) were not significant, the negative trend suggests the need for supportive and low-pressure learning environments. The limitations of correlational and cross-sectional designs limit causal inference and temporal analysis.
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
- Aguilera-Hermida, A. P., Quiroga-Garza, A., Gómez-Mendoza, S., Del Río Villanueva, C. A., Avolio Alecchi, B., & Avci, D. (2021). Comparison of students' use and acceptance of emergency online learning due to COVID-19 in the USA, Mexico, Peru, and Turkey. Education and information technologies, 26(6), 6823–6845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10473-8
- Akinwande, M. O., Dikko, H. G., & Samson, A. (2015). Variance inflation factor: as a condition for the inclusion of suppressor variable (s) in regression analysis. Open journal of statistics, 5(07), 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojs.2015.57075
- Akos, P., & Kretchmar, J. (2017). Investigating Grit at a Non-Cognitive Predictor of College Success. The Review of Higher Education, 40, 163-186.
- https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2017.0000
- Alanazi, M. R., Aldhafeeri, N. A., Salem, S. S., Jabari, T. M., & Al Mengah, R. K. (2022). Clinical environmental stressors and coping behaviors among undergraduate nursing students in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. International journal of nursing sciences, 10(1), 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2022.12.007
- Alimin, A., Abidin, Z., Sultan, M., Muhaimin, M., & Gunawan, F. (2021). Matan Jurumiyah Is Not For The Novice Arabic Learners: A Critical Study Text. Alsinatuna, 6(2), 167-184. https://doi.org/10.28918/alsinatuna.v7i2.3026
- Astivia, O. L. O., & Zumbo, B. D. (2019). Heteroskedasticity in Multiple Regression Analysis: What it is, How to Detect it and How to Solve it with Applications in R and SPSS. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 24(1), n1. https://doi.org/10.7275/q5xr-fr95
- Azimi, S., Afrooz, G. A., Arjmandnia, A. A., & Bonab, B. G. (2025). Designing and validating a family-based mental empowerment program for improvement of cognitive processes, psychological hardiness, and academic performance of slow learners’ students. Journal of Cognitive Science Research. 1(1), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.22059/jcsr.2025.100987
- Azizah, N. L., Naifah, N., Afrianingsih, B. I., Hamidah, M., & Audl Ramadlan, M. A. (2024). Development of Arabic Language Learning in Indonesia at 19th – 21st Century. Jurnal Al Bayan: Jurnal Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab, 16(1), 219. https://doi.org/10.24042/albayan.v16i1.22767
- Ata’Allah, Tunanisah, S. J., Setiowati, T. D., Azizah, A. N., Rahman, A. A., Fahyugi, D., Nurhayati, I., Safinatunnajah, A., Safitri, A., & Sunandar, M. N. (Ed.). (2025). Menilik tumbuh kembang pesantren. Banten: Media Madani. http://repository.uinbanten.ac.id/16298/1/Menilik%20Tumbuh%20Kembang%20Pesantren.pdf
- Barrero-Castillero, A., Morton, S. U., Nelson, C. A., 3rd, & Smith, V. C. (2019). Psychosocial Stress and Adversity: Effects from the Perinatal Period to Adulthood. NeoReviews, 20(12), e686–e696. https://doi.org/10.1542/neo.20-12-e686
- Best, J. R., & Miller, P. H. (2010). A developmental perspective on executive function. Child Development, 81, 1641–1660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x
- Bilotta, E., Vaid, U., & Evans, G. W. (2018). Environmental Stress. In Environmental Psychology (pp. 36–44). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119241072.ch4
- Bijwaard, G. E., van Kippersluis, H., & Veenman, J. (2015). Education and health: The role of cognitive ability. Journal of Health Economics, 42, 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.03.003
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Diakses melalui: https://khoerulanwarbk.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/urie_bronfenbrenner_the_ecology_of_human_developbokos-z1.pdf
- Cadegiani, F. A., & Kater, C. E. (2016). Adrenal fatigue does not exist: a systematic review. BMC endocrine disorders, 16(1), 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-016-0128-4
- Cattell, R. B. (1987). Intelligence: Its structure, growth and action (Vol. 35). Elsevier.Diakses melalui: https://arthurjensen.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1987-cattell-intelligenceitsstructuregrowthaction.pdf
- Clark, K. N., & Malecki, C. K. (2019). Academic Grit Scale: Psychometric properties and associations with achievement and life satisfaction. Journal of school psychology, 72, 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2018.12.001
- Chung, K. C. W., Nam, S., Li, S., Fan, H. S. L., Wong, J. Y. H., Kwok, J. Y. Y., Davies, H., Huang, L., Annunziata, M. A., & Fong, D. Y. T. (2023). Psychometric properties of the Cognitive Functioning Self-Assessment Scale in community-dwelling adults: A cross-sectional online survey. Frontiers in psychology, 14, 1122198. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1122198
- Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
- Daoud, J. I. (2017, December). Multicollinearity and regression analysis. In journal of physics: Conference series (Vol. 949, No. 1, p. 012009). IOP Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/949/1/012009
- Duckworth, A., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Self-Control and Grit: Related but Separable Determinants of Success. Current directions in psychological science, 23(5), 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/096372141454146
- Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of personality and social psychology, 92(6), 1087–1101. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087
- Edelsbrunner, P. A., Simonsmeier, B. A., & Schneider, M. (2025). The Cronbach’s Alpha of Domain-Specific Knowledge Tests Before and After Learning: A Meta-Analysis of Published Studies. Educational Psychology Review, 37(1), 1-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/m8d7t
- Evans, G. W., & Schamberg, M. A. (2009). Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(16), 6545–6549. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0811910106
- Figueiredo Filho, D. B., Júnior, J. A. S., & Rocha, E. C. (2011). What is R2 all about?. Leviathan (São Paulo), (3), 60-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2237-4485.lev.2011.132282
- Flatt, C., & Jacobs, R. L. (2019). Principle assumptions of regression analysis: Testing, techniques, and statistical reporting of imperfect data sets. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 21(4), 484-502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1523422319869915
- Gogtay, N. J., Deshpande, S. P., & Thatte, U. M. (2017). Principles of Regression Analysis. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 65(4), 48–52
- Gray, S. A., Fettes, P., Woltering, S., Mawjee, K., & Tannock, R. (2016). Symptom Manifestation and Impairments in College Students With ADHD. Journal of learning disabilities, 49(6), 616–630. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022219415576523
- Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R. and Black, W. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
- Hakim, A., Ahmad, S. Z. H., & Bakar, K. A. (2024). Design And Development of Arabic Language Camp For Postgraduate Islamic Studies. Ijaz Arabi Journal of Arabic Learning, 7(2), 376– 388. https://ejournal.uinmalang.ac.id/index.php/ijazarabi/article/view/26 283
- Heckman, J. J. (2006). Skill Formation and the Economics of Investing in Disadvantaged Children. Science, 312(5782), 1900–1902. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128898
- Herbison, C. E., Allen, K., Robinson, M., Newnham, J., & Pennell, C. (2017). The impact of life stress on adult depression and anxiety is dependent on gender and timing of exposure. Development and psychopathology, 29(4), 1443–1454. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000372
- Hendrawan, T., Nurlaila, N., & Muslimin, M. (2025). Pengaruh Teknik Mind Mapping Terhadap Penguasaan Kaidah Bahasa Arab di MA Darul Hikmah Kota Bima. Action Research Journal Indonesia (ARJI), 7(1), 420-428. https://doi.org/10.61227/arji.v7i1.306
- Hodge, B., Wright, B., & Bennett, P. (2018). The Role of Grit in Determining Engagement and Academic Outcomes for University Students. Research in Higher Education, 59(4), 448–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-017-9474-y
- Hussenoeder, F. S., Conrad, I., Pabst, A., Luppa, M., Stein, J., Engel, C., Zachariae, S., Zeynalova, S., Yahiaoui-Doktor, M., Glaesmer, H., Hinz, A., Witte, V., Wichmann, G., Kirsten, T., Löffler, M., Villringer, A., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2022). Different Areas of Chronic Stress and Their Associations with Depression. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(14), 8773. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148773
- Hwang, M. H., Lim, H. J., & Ha, H. S. (2018). Effects of Grit on the Academic Success of Adult Female Students at Korean Open University. Psychological Reports, 121(4), 705–725. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117734834
- Jannah, M., Fahrurrozi, F., Sauqani, S., & Hajras, M. (2023). The Al-Talaqqi Learning Model in Enhancing Understanding of Arab Turats Books and its Analysis in the Mutammimah Al-Jurumiyah Book at Madrasah Aliyah Mu'allimat NW Anjani Academic Year 2023-2024. Jurnal Ilmiah Profesi Pendidikan, 8(2), 1300-1307. https://doi.org/10.29303/jipp.v8i2.2482
- Jiang, L., Zhang, S., Li, X., & Luo, F. (2021). How grit influences high school students’ academic performance and the mediation effect of academic self-efficacy and cognitive learning strategies. Current Psychology, 42(1), 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01306-x
- Jokela, M. (2022). Why is cognitive ability associated with psychological distress and wellbeing? Exploring psychological, biological, and social mechanisms. Personality and Individual Differences, 192, 111592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111592
- Kozak, M., & Piepho, H. P. (2018). What's normal anyway? Residual plots are more telling than significance tests when checking ANOVA assumptions. Journal of agronomy and crop science, 204(1), 86-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12220
- Kwak S. (2023). Are Only p-Values Less Than 0.05 Significant? A p-Value Greater Than 0.05 Is Also Significant!. Journal of lipid and atherosclerosis, 12(2), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.12997/jla.2023.12.2.89
- Kyriazos, T., & Poga, M. (2023). Dealing with multicollinearity in factor analysis: the problem, detections, and solutions. Open Journal of Statistics, 13(3), 404-424. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojs.2023.133020
- Lam, K. K. L., & Zhou, M. (2019). Examining the relationship between grit and academic achievement within K-12 and higher education: A systematic review. Psychology in the Schools, 56(10), 1654–1686. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22302
- Lamb, S., & Kwok, K. C. S. (2016). A longitudinal investigation of work environment stressors on the performance and wellbeing of office workers. Applied Ergonomics, 52, 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.07.010
- Liao, Y. H., & Chen, H. C. (2022). Happiness takes effort: Exploring the relationship among academic grit, executive functions and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 199, 111863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111863
- Martin, K., McLeod, E., Périard, J., Rattray, B., Keegan, R., & Pyne, D. B. (2019). The Impact of Environmental Stress on Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review. In Human Factors (Vol. 61, Issue 8, pp. 1205–1246). SAGE Publications Inc. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819839817
- Moore, R. C., Hussain, M. A., Watson, C. W., Fazeli, P. L., Marquine, M. J., Yarns, B. C., Jeste, D. V., & Moore, D. J. (2018). Grit and Ambition are Associated with Better Neurocognitive and Everyday Functioning Among Adults Living with HIV. AIDS and behavior, 22(10), 3214–3225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2061-1
- Muenks, K., Wigfield, A., Yang, J. S., & O’Neal, C. R. (2017). How True Is Grit? Assessing Its Relations to High School and College Students’ Personality Characteristics, Self-Regulation, Engagement, and Achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 109, 599-620. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000153
- Mweshi, G. K., & Sakyi, K. (2020). Application of Sampling Methods for the Research Design. Archives of Business Review, 8, 180-193.
- https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.811.9042
- Neogi, S. (2023). Effects of traffic-related air pollution on cognitive function and environmental awareness of adolescents. Global Journal for Research Analysis, 12(2), 97-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/gjra/1907658
- Nilsen, F. M., Ruiz, J. D. C., & Tulve, N. S. (2020). A meta-analysis of stressors from the total environment associated with children’s general cognitive ability. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 17, Issue 15, pp. 1–34). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155451
- Nunnally, J.C. and Bernstein, I.H. (1994) The Assessment of Reliability. Psychometric Theory, 3, 248-292.
- Ozili, P. K. (2023). The acceptable R-square in empirical modelling for social science research. In Social research methodology and publishing results: A guide to non-native English speakers (pp. 134-143). IGI global. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4128165
- Peng, P., Barnes, M., Wang, C., Wang, W., Li, S., Swanson, H. L., … Tao, S. (2018). A meta-analysis on the relation between reading and working memory. Psychological Bulletin, 144, 48–76. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000124
- Petrill, S. A., Hewitt, J. K., Cherny, S. S., Lipton, P. A., Plomin, R., Corley, R., & DeFries, J. C. (2004). Genetic and environmental contributions to general cognitive ability through the first 16 years of life. Developmental Psychology, 40(5), 805–812. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.5.805
- Plevris, V., Solorzano, G., Bakas, N. P., & Ben Seghier, M. E. A. (2022). Investigation of performance metrics in regression analysis and machine learning-based prediction models. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/eccomas.2022.155
- Rakesh, D., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M., Humphreys, K. L., & Rosen, M. L. (2024). Environmental contributions to cognitive development: The role of cognitive stimulation. In Developmental Review (Vol. 73). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2024.101135
- Rhodes, E., Devlin, K. N., Steinberg, L., & Giovannetti, T. (2017). Grit in adolescence is protective of late-life cognition: non-cognitive factors and cognitive reserve. Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition, 24(3), 321–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2016.1210079
- Salim, D. M. S. (2024). Challenges and Innovations in Teaching the Arabic Grammar to Non-Native Speakers. Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities, 4(5), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.4.5.21
- Schneider, S., Beege, M., Nebel, S., Schnaubert, L., & Rey, G. D. (2022). The cognitive-affective-social theory of learning in digital environments (CASTLE). Educational Psychology Review, 34(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09626-5
- Shi, Y., & Qu, S. (2022). The effect of cognitive ability on academic achievement: The mediating role of self-discipline and the moderating role of planning. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 1014655. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022
- Skinner, B. F. (1963). Operant behavior. American Psychologist, 18(8), 503–515. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045185
- Smith, M. (2012). Common Misteaks Mistakes in Using Statistics. Diakses pada 11/12/2024 melalui tautan: https://web.ma.utexas.edu/users/mks/statmistakes/TOC.html
- Soriano, A., Kozusznik, M. W., & Peiró, J. M. (2018). From office environmental stressors to work performance: the role of work patterns. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081633
- Sternberg, R. J., Kaufman, J. C., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2008). Applied intelligence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Strayhorn, T. L. (2014). What Role Does Grit Play in the Academic Success of Black Male Collegians at Predominantly White Institutions?. Journal of African American Studies, 18(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-012-9243-0
- Sutiyo, M. H., & Nurhikmah, Z. (2025). Pelatihan Pembelajaran Ilmu Nahwu Menggunakan Panduan Kitab Jurumiyah Dalam Meningkatkan Pemahaman Santri Terhadap Al-Qur’an. Khidmatuna: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 5(2), 233-250. https://doi.org/10.51339/khidmatuna.v5i2.2949
- Sureiman, O., & Mangera, C. M. (2020). F-test of overall significance in regression analysis simplified. Journal of the Practice of Cardiovascular Sciences, 6(2), 116-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jpcs.jpcs_18_20
- Suryadinata, A. N. I., Irsyadi, A. N., Zarkasi, Z., Rosyidi, M. H., & Agustina, Y. D. (2024). The Challenge of Mastering Arabic Language and Its Relation to the Ability to Read Kitab Kuning among Students in Tapal Kuda Islamic Boarding School. RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa, 10(3), 825-838. https://doi.org/10.55637/jr.10.3.10488.825-838
- Taber, K. T. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48, 1273-1296.
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
- Taylor, L., Watkins, S. L., Marshall, H., Dascombe, B. J., & Foster, J. (2016). The impact of different environmental conditions on cognitive function: A focused review. Frontiers in Physiology, 6(JAN), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00372
- Thompson, C. G., Kim, R. S., Aloe, A. M., & Becker, B. J. (2017). Extracting the variance inflation factor and other multicollinearity diagnostics from typical regression results. Basic and applied social psychology, 39(2), 81-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2016.1277529
- Thomas, M. S. C., & Coecke, S. (2023). Associations between Socioeconomic Status, Cognition, and Brain Structure: Evaluating Potential Causal Pathways Through Mechanistic Models of Development. Cognitive science, 47(1), e13217. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13217
- Tucker-Drob, E. M., & Harden, K. P. (2017). A Behavioral Genetic Perspective on Non-Cognitive Factors and Academic Achievement. In S. Bouregy, E. L. Grigorenko, S. R. Latham, & M. Tan (Eds.), Genetics, Ethics and Education (pp. 134–158). chapter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://labs.la.utexas.edu/tucker-drob/files/2015/02/Tucker-Drob-Harden-4.20.15-A-Behavioral-Genetic-Perspective-on-Noncognitive-Factors-and-Academic-Achievement.pdf
- Tuleja, E. A., Beamer, L., Shum, C., & Chan, E. K. (2011). Designing and developing questionnaires for translation tutorial. IEEE transactions on professional communication, 54(4), 392-405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPC.2011.2172834
- Vuori, M., Akila, R., Kalakoski, V., Pentti, J., Kivimäki, M., Vahtera, J., Härmä, M., & Puttonen, S. (2014). Association between exposure to work stressors and cognitive performance. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56(4), 354–360. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000129
- Wolters, C. A., & Hussain, M. (2015). Investigating Grit and Its Relations with College Students’ Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement. Metacognition and Learning, 10, 293-311.
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-014-9128-9
- Yang, L. (2024). Double probability integral transform residuals for regression models with discrete outcomes. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 33(3), 787-803. http://dx.doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.15596